by T.L. Stanton* (12/14)
Revised by S. LeValley**
Quick Facts…
- Obtain and use actual feedstuff analysis whenever possible for ration formulation.
- If feedstuff compositional data is impossible to determine, tabulated data is the next best source of information.
- Since moisture content of feeds can vary greatly, it is important to express feedstuff composition on a dry matter basis.
Nutrition research spanning more than 100 years has defined the nutrients required by animals. Using this information, rations can be formulated from feeds and ingredients to meet these requirements. Animals fed these rations should not only remain healthy but be productive and efficient.
The ultimate goal of feed analysis is to predict the productive response of animals when they are fed rations of a given composition. this is the real reason for information on feedstuff composition.
Table Values for Feedstuff Composition
Feedstuffs vary in composition. Unlike chemicals that are “chemically pure” and therefore have a constant composition, feeds vary in their composition for many reasons. Actual analysis of a feed to be used in a ration is more accurate than tabular data. Obtain and use actual analysis whenever possible.
Often, however, it is either impossible to determine actual compositional data, or there is insufficient time to obtain an analysis. Tabulated data are the next best source of information. When using tabulated data, remember that feeds vary in their composition. the organic constituents (e.g., crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber) can vary as much as 15 percent, the mineral constituents as much as 30 percent, and the energy values at least 10 percent, from table values.
Therefore, the values shown can only be guides. For this reason they are called “typical values.” they are not averages of published information. Some judgment was used in arriving at some of the values in the hope that the values will be realistic for use in cattle and sheep rations.
Feeds can be chemically analyzed for many things that may or may not be related to the response of the animals to which they are fed. In the accompanying table, certain chemical constituents are shown. the response of cattle and sheep when fed a feed, however, can be termed the biological response to the feed in question. this is a function of its chemical composition and the ability of the animal to derive useful nutrients from the feed.
The latter relates to the digestibility or availability of a nutrient in the feed for absorption into the body and its ultimate efficiency of use in the animal. this also depends on the nutrient status of the animal and the productive or physiological function being performed by the animal. Ground fence posts and shelled corn may have the same gross energy value in a bomb calorimeter, but have markedly different useful energy value (TDN, digestible energy, net energy) when consumed by the animal.
That means that the biological attributes of a feed have much greater meaning in predicting the productive response of animals. However, they are more difficult to accurately determine because there is an interaction between the chemical composition of the feed and the digestive and metabolic capabilities of the animal being fed.
Using Information Contained in the Table
Feed Names
The most obvious or commonly used feed names are given in the table. Feeds designated as “fresh” are feeds that are grazed or fed as fresh cut materials.
Dry Matter
Typical dry matter (DM) values are shown. However, the moisture content of feeds can vary greatly. thus DM content can be the biggest reason for variation in the composition of feedstuffs on an “as fed basis.” For this reason, the composition of chemical constituents and biological attributes of feeds are shown on a DM basis. Because DM can vary greatly, and because one of the factors regulating total feed intake is the DM content of feeds, ration formulation on a DM basis is more sound than using “as fed basis.” To convert the values shown to an “as fed basis,” multiply the decimal equivalent of the DM content times the compositional value shown in the table.
Protein
Crude protein (CP) values are shown for each feed. Crude protein is determined by taking the Kjeldahl nitrogen times (100/16 or 6.25). (Proteins contain 16 percent nitrogen on average.) Crude protein does not give any information on the actual protein and nonprotein content of a feed. Digestible protein has been included in many feed composition tables, but because of the large contribution of body protein to the apparent protein in the feces, digestible protein is more misleading than CP. Calculate digestible protein from the CP content of the ration fed to cattle or sheep by the following equation: % DP = 0.9 (% CP) – 3, where % DP and % CP are the ration values on a dry matter basis.
Rumen “by-pass” protein, or undegraded intake protein (UIP), represents the percent of protein that passes through the rumen without being degraded by rumen microorganisms. Like other biological attributes, these values are not constant. By-pass values for many feeds have not been determined. Reasonable estimates are difficult to make.
Degradable intake protein (DIP) is used to meet the nitrogen requirements of rumen micro-organisms. Nitrogen sources such as urea are the most economical sources of DIP. Balancing DIP and UIP sources provides a more accurate way of meeting the metabolizable protein needs of ruminants.
Crude, Acid Detergent and Neutral Detergent Fibers
After more than 100 years, crude fiber (CF) is declining in popularity as a measure of low digestible material in feeds. the major problem with CF is that variable amounts of lignin, which is not digestible, are removed from various feeds in the CF procedure. In the old scheme, the material removed was called nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and was thought to be more digestible than CF, even though many feeds have been shown to have a higher digestibility for CF than NFE. One reason CF remained in the analytical scheme for feedstuff analysis was its requirement for the determination of TDN.
Newer procedures have developed an alternate analytical scheme, namely, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). ADF is highly related to digestibility in the animal. NDF is related to voluntary intake of the feed and the availability of net energy from digestible energy. Both measures relate more directly to predicted animal performance, so they are more valuable than CF. Also, if TDN is replaced by other measures of energy value, there will be little use of the CF content of feeds. As more complete data on the ADF and NDF content of feeds are developed, CF will be dropped.
Minerals
Values are shown for only certain minerals. Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are important minerals in most feeding situations. Potassium (K) becomes important as the level of concentrate increases in the ration, or when nonprotein nitrogen is substituted for intact protein. Sulfur (S) also becomes more important as the level of nonprotein nitrogen increases in the ration.
Vitamins
Vitamins have been omitted from the table. Only vitamin A is of general practical importance in cattle and sheep feeding. the vitamin A and carotene in feeds depend largely on maturity and conditions at harvest and the length and conditions of storage. therefore, it is probably unwise to rely entirely on harvested feeds as a source of vitamin A. Where roughages are being fed that contain good green color or are being fed as immature fresh forages (e.g., pasture), there will probably be sufficient vitamin A.
Energy
Four measures of the energy value of feeds are shown in the table. TDN is shown simply because there are more TDN values for feeds, and because this has become a standard system for expressing the energy value of feeds for cattle and sheep. there are several technical problems with TDN, however. there is a poor relationship between crude fiber and NFE digestibility in certain feeds. TDN also overestimates the value of roughages compared to concentrates in producing animals. Some have argued that energy is not measured in pounds or percent, so TDN is not a valid measure of energy. However, this is more a scientific argument than a criticism of the predictive value of TDN.
Digestible energy (DE) values also are shown. Many studies have shown there is a constant relationship between TDN and DE: there are 2 Mcals of DE per pound of TDN. Obviously, DE can be calculated by multiplying .02 times the percent TDN content. Because DE is measured in calories, it is technically preferred over TDN. With greater emphasis on ADF and NDF as replacements for CF and the use of the bomb calorimeter to measure DE directly, use of TDN should gradually decrease. It should be apparent, however, that the ability of TDN and DE to predict animal performance is exactly equal.
Interest in the use of net energy (NE) in evaluating feeds for cattle and sheep was renewed with the development of the California net energy system. the main reason is the improved predictability of results depending on whether feed energy is being used for maintenance (NEm) or growth (NEg). the major problem in using these NE values is predicting feed intake and, therefore, the proportion of feed that will be used for maintenance and growth.
Some use only the NEg values in formulating rations. this suffers the equal but opposite criticism mentioned for TDN — NEg overestimates the feeding value of concentrates relative to roughages. Others use the average of the two NE values, but this would be true only for cattle or sheep eating twice their maintenance requirement.
The most accurate way to use these NE values to formulate rations is to use the NEm value plus a multiplier times the NEg value, all divided by one plus the multiplier. the multiplier is the level of feed intake above maintenance relative to maintenance. For example, if 700-pound cattle are expected to eat 18 pounds of feed, 8 pounds of which are required for maintenance, then the NE value of the ration would be: NE = [NEg + (10/8) (NEg)] / [i + (10/8)]
There is no question as to the theoretical superiority of NE over either DE or TDN in predicting animal performance. this superiority is lost, however, if only NEg is used in formulating rations. So if NE is used, some combination of NEm and NEg is required.
| Table 1: Typical composition of feeds for cattle and sheep. (All values except dry matter are shown on a dry matter basis.) |
|||||||||||||||||
| Feedstuff | DM % |
CP % |
By- Pass % |
EE % |
CF % |
ADF % |
NDF % |
Ash % |
Ca % |
P % |
K % |
S % |
Zn PPM |
TDN % |
DE Mcal/ lb. |
NEm Mcal/ lb. |
NEg Mcal/ lb. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alfalfa cubes | 91 | 18 | 35 | 2.0 | 29 | 34 | 45 | 11 | 1.3 | 0.23 | 1.9 | 0.35 | 18 | 57 | 1.14 | 0.56 | 0.25 |
| Alfalfa dehydrated 17% | 92 | 19 | 60 | 3.0 | 26 | 35 | 45 | 11 | 1.4 | 0.25 | 2.7 | 0.24 | 19 | 61 | 1.22 | 0.61 | 0.31 |
| Alfalfa fresh | 26 | 19 | 20 | 2.2 | 27 | 32 | 44 | 8 | 1.6 | 0.32 | 2.3 | 0.34 | 21 | 60 | 1.20 | 0.59 | 0.30 |
| Alfalfa hay early bloom | 90 | 18 | 20 | 2.2 | 29 | 35 | 47 | 8 | 1.4 | 0.25 | 2.3 | 0.30 | 18 | 60 | 1.20 | 0.59 | 0.30 |
| Alfalfa hay midbloom | 89 | 17 | 25 | 2.0 | 30 | 38 | 50 | 10 | 1.4 | 0.23 | 1.8 | 0.30 | 17 | 58 | 1.16 | 0.57 | 0.26 |
| Alfalfa hay full bloom | 88 | 16 | 30 | 1.8 | 34 | 41 | 56 | 8 | 1.3 | 0.20 | 1.7 | 0.29 | 17 | 53 | 1.06 | 0.52 | 0.18 |
| Alfalfa hay mature | 90 | 14 | 35 | 1.7 | 38 | 45 | 59 | 8 | 1.3 | 0.19 | 1.4 | 0.25 | 17 | 50 | 1.00 | 0.49 | 0.12 |
| Alfalfa silage | 30 | 18 | 20 | 3.0 | 30 | 35 | 46 | 8 | 1.5 | 0.28 | 2.4 | 0.30 | 17 | 54 | 1.08 | 0.53 | 0.20 |
| Alfalfa silage wilted | 36 | 17 | 25 | 3.0 | 30 | 35 | 46 | 8 | 1.5 | 0.28 | 2.4 | 0.30 | 17 | 58 | 1.16 | 0.57 | 0.26 |
| Ammonium sulfate | 99 | 132 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 24.20 | — | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Barley silage | 32 | 10 | 25 | 4.0 | 34 | — | — | 10 | 0.3 | 0.30 | 1.6 | 0.17 | 29 | 50 | 1.00 | 0.49 | 0.12 |
| Barley silage mature | 40 | 9 | 35 | 4.0 | 34 | — | — | 10 | 0.2 | 0.15 | 1.5 | 0.15 | — | 60 | 1.20 | 0.59 | 0.30 |
| Barley straw | 88 | 4 | — | 1.9 | 42 | 57 | 82 | 7 | 0.3 | 0.05 | 2.0 | 0.15 | 7 | 49 | 0.98 | 0.48 | 0.11 |
| Barley grain | 89 | 12 | 30 | 2.0 | 6 | 7 | 20 | 3 | 0.1 | 0.42 | 0.5 | 0.16 | 25 | 83 | 1.66 | 0.89 | 0.60 |
| Barley feed pearl byproduct | 90 | 15 | — | 3.9 | 11 | — | — | 5 | 0.0 | 0.45 | 0.7 | 0.06 | — | 75 | 1.50 | 0.78 | 0.50 |
| Barley grain screenings | 89 | 13 | — | 2.6 | 9 | — | — | 4 | 0.0 | 0.40 | 0.1 | 0.15 | — | 81 | 1.62 | 0.87 | 0.58 |
| Beans navy cull | 90 | 24 | — | 1.4 | 5 | — | — | 6 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 1.4 | 0.26 | — | 84 | 1.68 | 0.91 | 0.61 |
| Beet pulp wet | 11 | 10 | 30 | 2.0 | 20 | 34 | 59 | 5 | 0.8 | 0.10 | 0.2 | 0.22 | 1 | 68 | 1.36 | 0.69 | 0.41 |
| Beet pulp dried | 91 | 9 | 35 | 0.8 | 21 | 34 | 59 | 5 | 0.7 | 0.08 | 0.2 | 0.22 | 1 | 72 | 1.44 | 0.74 | 0.47 |
| Beet pulp wet with molasses | 24 | 12 | 25 | 0.5 | 16 | 27 | 47 | 9 | 0.6 | 0.10 | 1.8 | 0.36 | 11 | 76 | 1.52 | 0.80 | 0.52 |
| Beet pulp dried with molasses | 92 | 12 | 25 | 0.5 | 16 | 27 | 47 | 9 | 0.6 | 0.10 | 1.8 | 0.36 | 11 | 76 | 1.52 | 0.80 | 0.52 |
| Beet tops (sugar) | 20 | 13 | — | 1.4 | 9 | — | — | 25 | 0.7 | 0.24 | 4.8 | 0.45 | 20 | 58 | 1.16 | 0.57 | 0.26 |
| Beet top silage | 25 | 10 | — | 2.0 | 10 | — | — | 38 | 1.2 | 0.22 | 5.7 | 0.57 | — | 52 | 1.04 | 0.51 | 0.16 |
| Blood meal | 92 | 80 | 80 | 1.3 | 1 | — | — | 5 | 0.3 | 0.26 | 0.1 | 0.43 | 5 | 61 | 1.22 | 0.61 | 0.31 |
| Bluestem fresh mature | 61 | 6 | — | 2.5 | 34 | — | — | 4 | 0.3 | 0.14 | 1.0 | 0.05 | 28 | 50 | 1.00 | 0.49 | 0.12 |
| Bone meal steamed | 95 | 13 | — | 11.6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 77 | 27.0 | 12.74 | 0.2 | 2.50 | 290 | 16 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.00 |
| Brewers grains wet | 24 | 26 | 60 | 6.5 | 15 | 22 | 42 | 5 | 0.3 | 0.60 | 0.1 | 0.32 | 50 | 81 | 1.62 | 0.87 | 0.58 |
| Brewers dried grain | 92 | 28 | 60 | 7.5 | 15 | 22 | 42 | 4 | 0.3 | 0.60 | 0.1 | 0.32 | 50 | 81 | 1.62 | 0.87 | 0.58 |
| Brewers yeast dried | 94 | 48 | — | 1.0 | 3 | — | — | 7 | 0.1 | 1.56 | 1.8 | 0.41 | 41 | 79 | 1.58 | 0.84 | 0.55 |
| Brome grass fresh immature | 32 | 15 | — | 4.1 | 28 | 33 | 54 | 10 | 0.4 | 0.39 | 2.7 | 0.20 | — | 64 | 1.28 | 0.64 | 0.36 |
| Brome grass hay | 89 | 10 | — | 2.5 | 35 | 41 | 69 | 9 | 0.5 | 0.23 | 2.5 | 0.16 | 17 | 55 | 1.10 | 0.54 | 0.21 |
| Calcium carbonate | 99 | 0 | — | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 99 | 39.0 | 0.04 | 0.0 | 0.09 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Canarygrass hay | 91 | 9 | — | 2.7 | 33 | 36 | 64 | 8 | 0.4 | 0.25 | 2.6 | 0.14 | 18 | 53 | 1.06 | 0.52 | 0.18 |
| Carrot pulp | 14 | 6 | — | 7.8 | 19 | 23 | — | 9 | — | — | — | — | — | 62 | 1.24 | 0.62 | 0.33 |
| Carrot root fresh | 12 | 10 | — | 1.4 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0.4 | 0.34 | 2.7 | 0.17 | — | 83 | 1.66 | 0.89 | 0.60 |
| Carrot tops | 16 | 13 | — | 3.8 | 18 | 23 | — | 15 | 1.9 | 0.19 | 1.9 | — | — | 73 | 1.46 | 0.76 | 0.48 |
| Cattle manure dried | 92 | 17 | — | 2.6 | 34 | 37 | 55 | 14 | 1.2 | 1.00 | 0.5 | 1.78 | 240 | 38 | 0.76 | 0.39 | 0.00 |
| Cheatgrass fresh immature | 21 | 16 | — | 2.7 | 23 | — | — | 10 | 0.6 | 0.28 | — | — | — | 68 | 1.36 | 0.69 | 0.41 |
| Clover ladino fresh | 19 | 25 | — | 4.8 | 14 | — | — | 11 | 1.3 | 0.42 | 2.2 | 0.20 | 39 | 69 | 1.38 | 0.70 | 0.43 |
| Clover ladino hay | 90 | 21 | — | 2.0 | 22 | 32 | 36 | 9 | 1.7 | 0.32 | 2.4 | 0.22 | 17 | 61 | 1.22 | 0.61 | 0.31 |
| Clover red fresh | 24 | 18 | — | 4.0 | 24 | 33 | 44 | 9 | 1.7 | 0.26 | 2.0 | 0.17 | 23 | 64 | 1.28 | 0.64 | 0.36 |
| Clover red hay | 88 | 15 | — | 2.9 | 30 | 41 | 56 | 8 | 1.4 | 0.22 | 1.9 | 0.17 | 17 | 57 | 1.14 | 0.56 | 0.25 |
| Coffee grounds | 88 | 13 | — | 15.0 | 41 | 68 | 77 | 2 | 0.1 | 0.08 | — | — | — | 20 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.00 |
| Corn whole plant pelleted | 91 | 9 | 45 | 2.4 | 21 | — | — | 6 | 0.5 | 0.24 | 1.0 | 0.14 | — | 63 | 1.26 | 0.63 | 0.34 |
| Corn fodder | 80 | 9 | 45 | 2.4 | 25 | 29 | 48 | 7 | 0.3 | 0.18 | 1.0 | 0.14 | — | 67 | 1.24 | 0.68 | 0.40 |
| Corn stover mature | 80 | 6 | — | 1.3 | 35 | 40 | 70 | 7 | 0.5 | 0.09 | 1.6 | 0.17 | — | 59 | 1.18 | 0.58 | 0.28 |
| Corn silage milk stage | 26 | 8 | 25 | 2.8 | 26 | 31 | — | 6 | 0.3 | 0.24 | 1.6 | 0.12 | 25 | 67 | 1.24 | 0.68 | 0.40 |
| Corn silage mature well eared | 36 | 8 | 40 | 2.7 | 23 | 28 | 50 | 7 | 0.3 | 0.20 | 1.0 | 0.10 | 24 | 69 | 1.38 | 0.70 | 0.43 |
| Corn grain dent yellow | 89 | 10 | 50 | 4.1 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 0.0 | 0.30 | 0.4 | 0.10 | 17 | 89 | 1.78 | 0.98 | 0.67 |
| Corn grain hi-lysine | 92 | 12 | — | 4.4 | 4 | — | — | 2 | 0.0 | 0.24 | 0.3 | 0.11 | — | 89 | 1.78 | 0.98 | 0.67 |
| Corn and cob meal | 87 | 9 | 50 | 3.7 | 9 | 10 | 28 | 2 | 0.1 | 0.24 | 0.5 | 0.18 | 10 | 82 | 1.64 | 0.88 | 0.59 |
| Corn cobs | 90 | 3 | 50 | 0.5 | 36 | 39 | 88 | 2 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.8 | 0.35 | 5 | 48 | 0.26 | 0.47 | 0.09 |
| Corn bran | 90 | 10 | — | 6.3 | 10 | — | 51 | 3 | 0.0 | 0.17 | 0.7 | 0.08 | — | 76 | 1.52 | 0.80 | 0.52 |
| Corn gluten feed | 90 | 26 | — | 2.9 | 9 | — | 41 | 7 | 0.4 | 0.75 | 0.6 | 0.20 | 100 | 82 | 1.64 | 0.88 | 0.59 |
| Corn gluten meal | 91 | 45 | 65 | 2.5 | 5 | 9 | 37 | 4 | 0.2 | 0.50 | 0.2 | 0.60 | 45 | 84 | 1.68 | 0.91 | 0.61 |
| Defluorinated phosphate | 99 | 0 | — | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 95 | 32.6 | 18.07 | 1.0 | — | 100 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Diammonium phosphate | 98 | 115 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 0.5 | 20.41 | 0.0 | 2.16 | — | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Dicalcium phosphate | 96 | 0 | — | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 94 | 22.0 | 18.65 | 0.1 | 1.10 | 70 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Distillers grain barley | 90 | 30 | 60 | 3.7 | 18 | — | — | 4 | 0.1 | 0.27 | — | — | — | 75 | 1.50 | 0.78 | 0.50 |
| Distillers grain corn | 91 | 30 | 65 | 8.2 | 14 | 16 | 41 | 2 | 0.1 | 0.45 | 0.2 | 0.46 | 35 | 84 | 1.68 | 0.91 | 0.61 |
| Distillers grain corn with solubles | 92 | 29 | 50 | 10.0 | 10 | 18 | 44 | 5 | 0.3 | 0.85 | 0.7 | 0.32 | 90 | 88 | 1.76 | 0.97 | 0.65 |
| Distillers silage corn | 7 | 29 | 65 | 8.0 | 8 | — | — | 4 | 0.1 | 0.65 | — | — | — | 86 | 1.72 | 0.94 | 0.63 |
| Distillers dried solubles | 93 | 30 | — | 9.5 | 4 | 7 | 23 | 8 | 0.4 | 1.40 | 1.8 | 0.40 | 91 | 88 | 1.76 | 0.97 | 0.65 |
| Fat animal poultry | 99 | 0 | — | 99.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | — | — | 195 | 3.90 | 2.38 | 1.82 |
| Feathermeal hydrolized | 94 | 91 | 50 | 3.3 | 2 | 20 | 20 | 4 | 0.2 | 0.78 | 0.3 | 1.80 | 53 | 68 | 1.36 | 0.69 | 0.41 |
| Garbage municipal cooked | 23 | 16 | — | 23.3 | 8 | 50 | 59 | 11 | 1.6 | 0.45 | — | — | — | 75 | 1.50 | 0.78 | 0.50 |
| Grain screenings | 90 | 14 | — | 5.5 | 14 | — | — | 9 | 0.5 | 0.43 | — | — | 17 | 65 | 1.30 | 0.65 | 0.37 |
| Grain dust | 92 | 10 | — | 2.5 | 15 | — | — | 10 | 0.3 | 0.18 | — | — | 42 | 73 | 1.46 | 0.76 | 0.48 |
| Grape pomace stemless | 91 | 12 | — | 7.5 | 32 | 50 | 53 | 9 | 0.6 | 0.06 | 0.6 | — | 24 | 30 | 0.60 | 0.37 | 0.00 |
| Grass silage | 26 | 12 | 20 | 4.6 | 34 | 38 | 66 | 9 | 0.8 | 0.22 | 2.0 | — | 29 | 61 | 1.22 | 0.61 | 0.31 |
| Hominy feed | 90 | 12 | — | 7.7 | 6 | 12 | 50 | 3 | 0.1 | 0.58 | 0.7 | 0.04 | 3 | 94 | 1.88 | 1.05 | 0.72 |
| Hop leaves | 37 | 15 | — | 3.6 | 15 | — | — | 35 | 2.8 | 0.64 | — | — | — | 49 | 0.98 | 0.48 | 0.11 |
| Hop vine silage | 30 | 15 | — | 3.1 | 21 | — | — | 20 | 3.3 | 0.37 | 1.8 | 0.22 | 44 | 53 | 1.06 | 0.52 | 0.18 |
| Hops spent | 89 | 22 | — | 4.0 | 28 | 0 | — | 7 | 1.6 | 0.60 | — | — | — | 39 | 0.78 | 0.40 | 0.00 |
| Limestone ground | 98 | 0 | — | 0.0 | 0 | — | — | 98 | 38.0 | 0.02 | — | — | — | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Linseed meal solvent | 91 | 39 | 40 | 1.9 | 10 | 18 | 25 | 6 | 0.4 | 1.00 | 1.4 | 0.47 | 60 | 76 | 1.52 | 0.80 | 0.52 |
| Meadow hay | 92 | 8 | — | 2.5 | 33 | — | — | 9 | 0.6 | 0.17 | 1.6 | — | — | 46 | 0.92 | 0.45 | 0.05 |
| Meat meal | 94 | 55 | 65 | 9.7 | 3 | — | — | 29 | 9.4 | 4.74 | 0.6 | 0.50 | 85 | 71 | 1.42 | 0.73 | 0.46 |
| Milo grain | 89 | 11 | 60 | 3.2 | 3 | 6 | 20 | 2 | 0.0 | 0.32 | 0.4 | 0.13 | 17 | 85 | 1.70 | 0.92 | 0.62 |
| Mint slug silage | 27 | 14 | — | 1.8 | 24 | — | — | 16 | 1.1 | 0.57 | — | — | — | 55 | 1.10 | 0.54 | 0.21 |
| Molasses beet | 77 | 9 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 6.1 | 0.60 | 18 | 79 | 1.58 | 0.84 | 0.55 |
| Molasses cane | 76 | 5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 1.1 | 0.08 | 3.6 | 0.46 | 30 | 75 | 1.50 | 0.78 | 0.50 |
| Molasses cane dried | 94 | 10 | 0 | 0.6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 1.2 | 0.15 | 4.0 | 0.46 | 30 | 74 | 1.48 | 0.77 | 0.49 |
| Molasses citrus | 65 | 9 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 2.0 | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0.23 | 137 | 75 | 1.50 | 0.78 | 0.50 |
| Molasses wood (Hemicellulose) | 61 | 1 | 0 | 0.7 | 1 | — | — | 8 | 1.4 | 0.06 | 0.1 | 0.05 | — | 76 | 1.52 | 0.80 | 0.52 |
| Monoammonium phosphate | 98 | 74 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 0.3 | 24.70 | 0.0 | 1.42 | 81 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Mono-dicalcium phosphate | 97 | 0 | — | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 94 | 16.7 | 21.10 | 0.1 | — | 70 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Oat hay | 87 | 9 | — | 2.1 | 30 | 38 | 63 | 9 | 0.2 | 0.22 | 1.0 | 0.30 | 39 | 59 | 1.18 | 0.58 | 0.28 |
| Oat silage | 34 | 11 | 25 | 3.8 | 30 | — | — | 10 | 0.4 | 0.25 | 3.4 | 0.32 | 35 | 60 | 1.20 | 0.59 | 0.30 |
| Oat straw | 90 | 4 | — | 2.3 | 41 | 46 | 70 | 8 | 0.3 | 0.10 | 2.2 | 0.22 | 6 | 50 | 1.00 | 0.49 | 0.12 |
| Oats grain | 89 | 13 | 30 | 4.0 | 12 | 17 | 31 | 4 | 0.1 | 0.40 | 0.5 | 0.22 | 30 | 74 | 1.48 | 0.77 | 0.49 |
| Oats groats | 91 | 18 | 25 | 5.5 | 3 | — | — | 2 | 0.1 | 0.47 | 0.4 | 0.22 | — | 93 | 1.86 | 1.03 | 0.71 |
| Oat meal feeding | 90 | 17 | 20 | 6.0 | 4 | — | — | 3 | 0.1 | 0.46 | 0.5 | 0.25 | — | 94 | 1.88 | 1.05 | 0.72 |
| Oat mill byproduct | 89 | 9 | — | 3.0 | 21 | — | — | 6 | 0.1 | 0.24 | 0.6 | 0.24 | — | 33 | 0.66 | 0.37 | 0.00 |
| Oat hulls | 93 | 4 | — | 1.5 | 32 | 44 | 78 | 7 | 0.2 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.15 | — | 37 | 0.74 | 0.39 | 0.00 |
| Orange pulp dried | 89 | 9 | — | 1.8 | 9 | — | — | 4 | 0.7 | 0.11 | — | — | — | 82 | 1.64 | 0.88 | 0.59 |
| Orchardgrass fresh immature | 24 | 18 | 25 | 5.0 | 24 | 29 | 50 | 11 | 0.4 | 0.40 | 2.7 | 0.22 | 20 | 65 | 1.30 | 0.65 | 0.37 |
| Orchardgrass hay | 88 | 11 | 30 | 3.3 | 34 | 40 | 70 | 7 | 0.3 | 0.28 | 2.8 | 0.26 | 18 | 59 | 1.18 | 0.58 | 0.28 |
| Pea vine hay | 89 | 10 | — | 1.8 | 32 | — | — | 7 | 1.2 | 0.21 | 1.8 | 0.17 | 15 | 60 | 1.20 | 0.59 | 0.30 |
| Pea vine silage | 24 | 13 | — | 3.3 | 31 | 49 | 59 | 8 | 1.3 | 0.24 | 1.4 | 0.29 | — | 57 | 1.14 | 0.56 | 0.25 |
| Pea straw | 89 | 7 | — | 1.3 | 45 | — | — | 7 | — | 0.11 | 1.1 | 0.20 | — | 50 | 1.00 | 0.49 | 0.12 |
| Peas cull | 89 | 25 | — | 1.5 | 8 | — | — | 5 | 0.2 | 0.43 | 1.1 | 0.26 | 30 | 82 | 1.64 | 0.88 | 0.59 |
| Peanut hulls | 92 | 7 | — | 1.3 | 63 | 65 | 74 | 5 | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.9 | — | — | 22 | 0.44 | 0.35 | 0.00 |
| Peanut meal solvent | 91 | 52 | 30 | 1.3 | 11 | — | 14 | 5 | 0.2 | 0.65 | 1.2 | 0.30 | 22 | 77 | 1.54 | 0.81 | 0.53 |
| Peanut skins | 92 | 17 | — | 22.0 | 13 | 20 | 28 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Potato vine silage | 15 | 15 | — | 3.7 | 26 | — | — | 19 | 2.1 | 0.29 | 4.0 | 0.37 | — | 59 | 1.18 | 0.58 | 0.28 |
| Potatoes cull | 21 | 10 | 0 | 0.4 | 2 | — | — | 5 | 0.0 | 0.24 | 2.2 | 0.09 | — | 80 | 1.60 | 0.85 | 0.56 |
| Potato waste wet | 14 | 7 | 0 | 1.5 | 9 | — | — | 3 | 0.2 | 0.26 | 1.3 | 0.11 | 12 | 82 | 1.64 | 0.88 | 0.59 |
| Potato waste dried | 89 | 8 | 0 | 0.5 | 7 | — | — | 5 | 0.1 | 0.13 | 1.2 | — | — | 85 | 1.70 | 0.92 | 0.62 |
| Potato waste wet with lime | 17 | 5 | 0 | 0.3 | 10 | — | — | 9 | 4.2 | 0.18 | — | — | — | 80 | 1.60 | 0.85 | 0.56 |
| Potato waste filter cake | 14 | 5 | 0 | 7.7 | 2 | — | — | 3 | 0.1 | 0.19 | 0.2 | — | — | 77 | 1.54 | 0.81 | 0.53 |
| Poultry litter dried | 87 | 26 | 0 | 3.0 | 18 | — | — | 19 | 2.7 | 1.80 | 1.7 | 1.26 | 340 | 64 | 1.28 | 0.64 | 0.36 |
| Poultry manure dried | 89 | 28 | 0 | 2.1 | 13 | 15 | 35 | 29 | 9.0 | 2.44 | 2.0 | 0.18 | 445 | 54 | 1.08 | 0.53 | 0.20 |
| Prairie hay | 91 | 7 | — | 2.0 | 35 | — | — | 8 | 0.4 | 0.13 | 1.1 | 0.06 | 34 | 50 | 1.00 | 0.49 | 0.12 |
| Rapemeal solvent | 91 | 41 | 20 | 2.2 | 14 | — | — | 8 | 0.7 | 1.14 | 1.4 | 0.28 | 66 | 70 | 1.40 | 0.72 | 0.44 |
| Rye straw | 89 | 4 | — | 1.5 | 44 | 55 | 71 | 6 | 0.3 | 0.10 | 1.0 | 0.11 | — | 44 | 0.88 | 0.43 | 0.01 |
| Rye grain | 89 | 13 | — | 1.7 | 2 | — | — | 2 | 0.1 | 0.38 | 0.5 | 0.17 | 34 | 81 | 1.62 | 0.87 | 0.58 |
| Safflower meal solubles | 91 | 22 | — | 1.0 | 33 | 41 | 59 | 6 | 0.3 | 0.73 | 1.0 | 0.28 | 44 | 55 | 1.10 | 0.54 | 0.21 |
| Safflower meal dehulled solubles | 91 | 48 | — | 0.6 | 9 | — | — | 7 | 0.3 | 1.83 | 1.3 | 0.22 | 36 | 76 | 1.52 | 0.80 | 0.52 |
| Sagebrush fresh | 50 | 13 | — | 9.2 | 25 | 28 | 36 | 10 | 1.0 | 0.25 | — | 0.22 | — | 50 | 1.00 | 0.49 | 0.12 |
| NA tripolyphos | 96 | 0 | — | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 96 | 0.0 | 25.98 | 0.0 | 0.00 | — | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Sorghum stover | 85 | 5 | — | 2.1 | 33 | — | — | 10 | 0.4 | 0.11 | 1.2 | — | — | 54 | 1.08 | 0.53 | 0.20 |
| Sorghum silage | 28 | 8 | 50 | 2.8 | 26 | 28 | 39 | 7 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 1.6 | 0.09 | 24 | 58 | 1.16 | 0.57 | 0.26 |
| Soybean hay | 89 | 15 | — | 2.2 | 37 | — | — | 8 | 1.3 | 0.32 | 1.0 | 0.24 | 24 | 52 | 1.04 | 0.51 | 0.16 |
| Soybean straw | 88 | 5 | — | 1.4 | 44 | 54 | 70 | 6 | 1.6 | 0.06 | 0.6 | 0.26 | — | 42 | 0.84 | 0.42 | 0.00 |
| Soybeans whole | 91 | 42 | 40 | 19.2 | 6 | 10 | — | 5 | 0.3 | 0.63 | 1.8 | 0.24 | 60 | 92 | 1.84 | 1.02 | 0.70 |
| Soybean meal solvent 44% protein | 89 | 50 | 35 | 1.3 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 7 | 0.3 | 0.75 | 2.2 | 0.40 | 52 | 84 | 1.68 | 0.91 | 0.61 |
| Soybean meal solvent 49% protein | 90 | 55 | 25 | 1.2 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 6 | 0.3 | 0.71 | 2.2 | 0.42 | 61 | 87 | 1.74 | 0.95 | 0.64 |
| Soybean flake (hull) | 91 | 12 | 10 | 2.8 | 39 | 47 | 65 | 4 | 0.6 | 0.17 | 1.0 | 0.09 | 24 | 71 | 1.42 | 0.73 | 0.46 |
| Sudangrass fresh immature | 18 | 17 | — | 3.9 | 23 | 29 | 55 | 9 | 0.5 | 0.31 | 2.0 | 0.04 | — | 70 | 1.40 | 0.72 | 0.44 |
| Sudangrass hay | 89 | 9 | — | 1.8 | 36 | 43 | 68 | 10 | 0.4 | 0.30 | 2.1 | 0.06 | 30 | 57 | 1.14 | 0.56 | 0.25 |
| Sudangrass silage | 23 | 10 | — | 3.1 | 34 | 42 | 65 | 10 | 0.4 | 0.25 | 3.5 | 0.05 | — | 55 | 1.10 | 0.54 | 0.21 |
| Sunflower meal solvent | 93 | 50 | — | 3.1 | 12 | — | 40 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.80 | 1.1 | 0.33 | 21 | 65 | 1.30 | 0.65 | 0.37 |
| Sunflower meal with hulls | 91 | 32 | — | 1.4 | 27 | — | — | 7 | 0.4 | 0.96 | 1.1 | 0.30 | 100 | 57 | 1.14 | 0.56 | 0.25 |
| Sunflower hulls | 90 | 5 | — | 2.2 | 25 | 63 | — | 3 | 0.0 | 0.11 | — | — | — | 40 | 0.80 | 0.41 | 0.00 |
| Timothy fresh pre-bloom | 26 | 11 | 20 | 3.8 | 32 | 37 | 64 | 7 | 0.4 | 0.28 | 2.1 | 0.21 | 24 | 64 | 1.28 | 0.64 | 0.36 |
| Timothy hay early bloom | 88 | 12 | 25 | 2.6 | 33 | 43 | 68 | 6 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.9 | 0.21 | — | 59 | 1.18 | 0.58 | 0.28 |
| Timothy hay full bloom | 88 | 8 | 35 | 2.5 | 34 | 45 | 70 | 5 | 0.4 | 0.20 | 1.6 | 0.13 | 17 | 57 | 1.14 | 0.56 | 0.25 |
| Timothy silage | 34 | 10 | 25 | 3.4 | 35 | — | — | 7 | 0.6 | 0.29 | 1.7 | 0.15 | — | 59 | 1.18 | 0.58 | 0.28 |
| Tomato pomace dried | 92 | 23 | — | 10.6 | 26 | 50 | 55 | 6 | 0.4 | 0.59 | 3.6 | — | — | 64 | 1.28 | 0.64 | 0.36 |
| Triticale silage | 38 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Triticale | 90 | 16 | 25 | 4.6 | 4 | — | — | 2 | 0.1 | 0.34 | 0.4 | 0.17 | — | 86 | 1.72 | 0.94 | 0.63 |
| Urea 46% N | 99 | 288 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Wheat fresh pasture | 21 | 28 | — | 4.0 | 18 | 30 | 52 | 14 | 0.4 | 0.40 | 3.3 | 0.22 | — | 69 | 1.38 | 0.70 | 0.43 |
| Wheat silage | 28 | 10 | — | 3.2 | 28 | — | — | 8 | 0.3 | 0.27 | 1.2 | 0.23 | 25 | 60 | 1.20 | 0.59 | 0.30 |
| Wheat straw | 88 | 4 | — | 1.5 | 42 | 56 | 85 | 7 | 0.2 | 0.08 | 1.2 | 0.14 | 7 | 44 | 0.88 | 0.43 | 0.01 |
| Wheat grain | 89 | 13 | 25 | 2.1 | 3 | 4 | 13 | 2 | 0.0 | 0.35 | 0.4 | 0.17 | 17 | 89 | 1.78 | 0.98 | 0.67 |
| Wheat grain hard | 89 | 14 | — | 2.0 | 3 | 6 | — | 2 | 0.1 | 0.45 | 0.5 | 0.17 | 16 | 89 | 1.78 | 0.98 | 0.67 |
| Wheat grain soft | 89 | 12 | — | 2.0 | 3 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 0.1 | 0.35 | 0.4 | 0.17 | 16 | 89 | 1.78 | 0.98 | 0.67 |
| Wheat bran | 89 | 18 | — | 4.8 | 11 | 14 | 47 | 7 | 0.1 | 1.30 | 1.4 | 0.25 | 105 | 70 | 1.40 | 0.72 | 0.44 |
| Wheat midds | 88 | 18 | 50 | 3.9 | 3 | — | 37 | 3 | 0.1 | 0.90 | 1.1 | 0.20 | 72 | 90 | 1.80 | 0.99 | 0.68 |
| Wheat mill run | 90 | 17 | 20 | 4.7 | 9 | — | — | 6 | 0.1 | 1.10 | 1.4 | 0.28 | — | 75 | 1.50 | 0.78 | 0.50 |
| Wheat shorts | 89 | 20 | 20 | 5.4 | 7 | — | — | 5 | 0.1 | 0.99 | 1.1 | 0.19 | 118 | 80 | 1.60 | 0.85 | 0.56 |
| Wheatgrass crested fresh early bloom | 37 | 11 | — | 1.6 | 26 | — | — | 7 | 0.3 | 0.30 | — | — | — | 60 | 1.20 | 0.59 | 0.30 |
| Wheatgrass crested fresh full bloom | 50 | 10 | — | 1.6 | 33 | — | — | 7 | 0.4 | 0.28 | — | — | — | 55 | 1.10 | 0.54 | 0.21 |
| Wheatgrass crested hay | 92 | 11 | — | 2.4 | 33 | 36 | — | 7 | O.3 | 0.15 | 2.0 | — | 32 | 54 | 1.08 | 0.53 | 0.20 |
| Wheat dried | 96 | 16 | 0 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 1.0 | 0.81 | 1.5 | 1.10 | 3 | 82 | 1.64 | 0.88 | 0.59 |
*T.L. Stanton, Former Colorado State University Extension feedlot specialist and professor, animal sciences. **Revised by S. LeValley, Extension sheep/youth specialist and assistant professor, animal sciences. 10/99. Revised 12/14.
Colorado State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Colorado counties cooperating. Extension programs are available to all without discrimination. No endorsement of products mentioned is intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned.
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