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by T.A. Bauder, R.M. Waskom, and A. Andales^* (10/14)

Quick Facts…

• Good nitrogen and irrigation management practices increase yields while reducing fertilizer and irrigation costs.
• Best management practices for nitrogen and irrigation management preserve water quality.

Good nitrogen and irrigation management practices can reduce the probability of nitrate leaching into groundwater while maintaining profitable yields. Nitrogen (N) and irrigation management are complementary. Consequently, fields with low irrigation efficiency under tight nitrogen supplies will likely see N deficiency leading to reduced yields. Likewise, fields where irrigation efficiency has been improved through irrigation system upgrades or improved management may require less N for similar yields. The purpose of this fact sheet is to list practices to improve N and irrigation management. The practices recommended below must be fitted to the specific crop, soil and climate conditions of individual farms. Check with your local Colorado State University Extension county office, waterquality.colostate.edu or the publications listed below for additional information.

Nitrogen Management

Nitrogen is the plant nutrient most frequently deficient for maximum crop production. Discontinuing N fertilizer or manure applications typically decreases crop yields. Following the 4R nutrient approach to nitrogen management helps identify practices to improvement nitrogen efficiency. The four R’s include applying the nitrogen source at the Right rate, at the Right time, in the Right place, and using the Right source. This fact sheet focuses on the first three of these concepts. The following practices are a part of a responsible nitrogen management plan.

Right Rate

• Choose a realistic yield expectation. A yield average of five successful crop years plus five percent is a recommended yield goal.
• Use soil analysis to assess N needs (see fact sheet 0.500, Soil Sampling, for procedures). If a soil contains high amounts of residual N, decrease N fertilizer accordingly. For more accurate assessment of N needs, use in-season soil sampling for nitrate testing to complement preplant testing.
• Use a reputable soil testing laboratory that provides recommendations consistent with your goals (see fact sheet 0.520, Selecting an Analytical Laboratory). Check laboratory provided fertilizer recommendations against university recommendations.
• Give N credit for manure and previous legumes. See Colorado State University Extension bulletins XCM 172 and 568A for determining the correct credits.
• Analyze irrigation water to determine if it contains nitrate-N. Multiply parts per million (ppm) of nitrate-N by 0.23 to get pounds of nitrate-N per acre-inch of water. Credit irrigation water applied during vegetative (pre-tassel or flowering) growth stages.
• Use plant tissue testing, the pre-sidedress soil nitrate test, or chlorophyll meter to assess the N status of the field and the need for additional N fertilizer when making in-season applications.

Recommended N Application Techniques

• Split N applications to improve uptake efficiency and yield return for fertilizer investment. Apply one-third at or prior to planting and the balance before the critical growth stage for that crop. This is especially important for sandy soils that are vulnerable to nitrate leaching.
• Avoid application of high rates of N in the fall or at planting time. Rates can be adjusted during the season if conditions warrant more N fertilizer.
• Incorporate urea, urea ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and manure into the soil to prevent volatilization losses of ammonia gas. Volatilization reduces N efficiency and necessitates higher N application rates.
• Use ammonium N fertilizers, such as anhydrous ammonia, to reduce nitrate leaching, especially for fall applications.
• Place N and phosphorus in the same band to increase yields, as well as N and phosphorus uptake efficiencies.
• Only apply N in irrigation water where irrigation efficiency and uniformity is high. Fertigation is not recommended in systems with runoff that is not captured in a lined tail-water pond for later reuse.
• Do not apply manure to frozen land, especially on slopes, to prevent N loss in runoff waters.
• Use slow- ro controlled-release N fertilizers, such as sulfur- or polymer coated urea or urea formaldehyde, on golf courses, lawns, or high-value crops where it is economical.
• Keep good records of N fertilizer and manure applications to help make N management decisions later.

Irrigation Management

Over-irrigation results in leaching of nitrate to the groundwater, surface runoff losses and reduces the efficiency of N fertilizers. Therefore, irrigation water management is essential for profitable yields and protecting water quality. Schedule irrigation according to the guidelines below.

• Obtain information about your crop’s water needs and critical growth stages, soil characteristics and irrigation system efficiency to properly schedule irrigations. See 4.715 Crop Water Use and Growth Stages.
• Know how much water the crop uses on a daily or weekly basis. This is the evapotranspiration (ET) estimated from weather data or from an atmometer. ET rates are available at coagmet.colostate.edu and are published by water districts, local Colorado State University Extension offices, newspapers and Natural Resources Conservation Service offices in some areas.
• Use a soil probe to monitor soil moisture. Probe the field during and after irrigation to determine depth of water penetration.
• Determine the soil’s moisture content in the effective root zone and its maximum water-holding capacity by measurement or the feel method.
• Determine the application efficiency of your irrigation systems (See Table 1). Consult a qualified irrigation technician to assess irrigation system performance.
• If feasible, use irrigation systems that give higher application efficiencies.
• Use measuring devices such as flumes and water meters to determine how much water you apply. When using siphon tubes or gated pipes, multiply the stream flow rate by the irrigation duration.
• With surface irrigation, use cutback practices to reduce deep percolation and runoff.
• Operate sprinklers to apply water rates that match intake rates of soil.
• When chemigating pesticide or fertilizer, leave room in the soil profile (10 to 20 percent) to store potential rainfall to avoid runoff or leaching. For additional resources on improving irrigation and nitrogen management, visit http://waterquality.colostate.edu.

References

• Bauder, T.A. and R.M. Waskom. XCM 574A Best Management Practices for Colorado Corn. 2003.
• Bauder, T. J. Schneekloth and E. Wardle. 2013. XCM-228. Irrigated Field Guide and Record Book.
• Barta, R. I. Broner, J. Schneekloth and R. Waskom. 2004. Colorado High Plains Irrigation Practices Guide. Colo. Water Institute Special Report No. 14. embed link (https://watercenter.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2020/03/SR14.pdf).
• 4R Nutrient Stewardship – https://nutrientstewardship.org/
• Andalles, A., J. Chavez, and T. Bauder. 4.707, Irrigation Scheduling: The Water Balance Approach. 2011.
• Waskom, R.M. XCM 172, Best Management Practices for Nitrogen Fertilization. 1994.
• Waskom, R.M. XCM 173, Best Management Practices for Irrigation Management. 1994.
• Waskom, R.M., T.A. Bauder, J.G. Davis and J.R. Self. 0.520, Selecting an Analytical Laboratory. 2010.
• Waskom, R. M. and J. Davis. 568A, BMP for Manure Utilization. 1998.

^*T.A. Bauder, Colorado State University Extension water quality specialist; R.M. Waskom, director, Colorado Water Institute; and A. Andales, Extension specialist, department of soil and crop sciences. 3/99. Revised 10/14.

Colorado State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Colorado counties cooperating. CSU Extension programs are available to all without discrimination. No endorsement of products mentioned is intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned.

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