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by W.S. Cranshaw, M. Camper and F.B. Peairs^* (12/13)

Quick Facts…

• The bed bug (Cimex lectularius) and its relatives (Family: Cimicidae) form a small group of bloodsucking insects.
• Bat and bed bugs have a short broad head, broadly attached to the prothorax, and an oval body.
• Because of the different habits of the various bed bugs, proper identification determines where to direct controls to be most effective.
• Bed bug control is very difficult and requires all infested sites to be effectively treated at the same time.

Figure 1: Various life stages and cast skins of bed bugs. Photo courtesy of Clemson University.

Figure 2: Hesperocimex coloradensis

Figure 3 (above): Bed bug during course of 12-minute feeding.

The bed bug, bat bug and related species of the family Cimicidae, are blood sucking insects that feed on birds and/or mammals. Five of the cimicid bugs are present
in Colorado.

Bed bug (Cimex lectularius). The bed bug is a notorious species and is the only member of this insect family in Colorado that is adapted to living entirely with humans. For several decades following World War II it was largely eradicated form the United States, existing in only small pockets. However, within the past decade it has had tremendous resurgence. Bed bugs can be accidentally carried on furniture, luggage and other materials so problems with bed bugs tend to be most severe in apartments, motels and other sites that see high amounts of human traffic.

Bat bug (Cimex pilosellus). Prior to the recent increase of bed bugs, the bat bug was the most common representative of this group of insects found within homes in Colorado. Bat bugs develop in colonies of roosting bats, which sometimes occur in attics or behind walls of buildings. Bat bugs may move into human living areas and incidentally bite people, with such migrations particularly common when bats migrate or are eliminated from the building. However, in the absence of the bat hosts, these insects cannot sustain and reproduce.

Swallow bug (Oeciacus vicarius). The swallow bug is a parasite of cliff swallows and, less commonly, barn swallows. Problems with human bites occur in homes where swallows attached and maintained nests during the previous summer. Swallow bug bites of humans tend to occur in late winter and spring, when the swallow bugs emerge from winter dormancy in anticipation of the return of their swallow hosts. The insects are largely dormant during the period between the time nests are abandoned in summer and just prior to the return of swallows the following spring.

Poultry bug (Haematosiphon inodorus). Poultry bugs are associated with chickens and other poultry. They hide during the day in cracks and crevices around the poultry roost and move out to feed at night. Human bites are rare and occur when people spend night activities in close proximity to poultry roosting areas.

Hesperocimex coloradensis. Purple martins and, less commonly, woodpeckers and owls are hosts for H. coloradensis. This species is present in the southwestern areas of the state. Encounters with humans occur when bird hosts nest in buildings.

All of these species are generally similar in appearance. They are reddish-brown to grayish-brown with an oval body form and about 3/8-in long when full-grown. All are wingless, although small wing pads are present on the back. Their body is flattened when unfed, although they swell rapidly with a blood meal. The various species found in Colorado can be separated by patterns of hairs, wing pad structures and other features that are summarized in Figure 1.

Bites

Bed bugs usually feed in the middle of the night while people sleep and the bite is painless. They often feed for less than 10 minutes before the insect is satiated and returns to a hiding area to digest the meal. A line of bites may appear where several bed bugs have fed along the edge of a sheet or clothing lying next to the skin.

Although the bite is not immediately felt, people often react to the proteins of the bed bug saliva introduced during biting. Typically, a reddish swelling,(“wheal”)may develop, associated with some swelling and itching. There may be little response immediately following the bite with peak itchiness being noticed at about a week, then gradually declining. Repeated exposure to bed bug bites may produce more intensive reactions and itchiness. However, these reactions are highly variable and some people show little response while others react strongly. Regardless of the symptom that develops, there is nothing unique about bed bug bites that can be used for positive diagnosis. The detected presence of bed bugs is needed to determine if a reddish “bite” might be from bed bugs.

Fortunately, extensive testing has determined that bed bugs are incapable of transmitting human pathogens.

Bat bugs and swallow bugs also occasionally bite humans and there can be a similar range in reaction. Some have commented that the reaction following swallow bug bites seems to be particularly itchy and unpleasant.

Life History and Habits of Bed Bugs

Figure 4: Bed bug egg shells and dried fecal spotting.

Female bed bugs cement their small, oval eggs in batches of about two to five eggs. Typical sites for egg laying might be along folds in the mattress, at joints of a bed frame, and behind molding. Ultimately a female may produce over 200 eggs during her months-long adult life span.

Eggs hatch in six to 10 days, depending on temperature, and the newly hatched nymphs will immediately seek out food if it is available. Feeding occurs in dark, usually in the middle of the night, and bed bugs use carbon dioxide and heat to locate their host. A blood meal must be taken prior to each molt of the developing bed bug nymph. Blood meals are also required for production of each batch of eggs by the female.

Under optimum conditions, bed bugs can become full-grown in about a month and a half and adults typically may live for about nine months. Cooler temperatures retard development and overall bed bug activity begins to decline with temperatures below about 60 F. However, bed bugs are quite resistant to starvation and adults have been known to survive a year without feeding. Nymphs can tolerate starvation for about three months. When food is available, bed bugs can continue to develop and reproduce year round, producing three or four generations annually.

Figure 5: Bed bug adult and nymphs. Photo courtesy of Gary Alpert, Harvard University.

Within a home bed, bugs are concentrated in the near vicinity of the bed. Most will be found on the frame or mattress, as well as night stands and among other crevices that exist next to the bed. Among these harborage areas bed bugs tend to be concentrated in clusters. When bed bug populations become high, they will be observed to disperse more widely through the room. Migrations to adjacent rooms can occur as bed bugs follow holes through walls, such as those produced for electrical wiring and plumbing.

Beds should be disassembled and closely inspected. Common areas where bed bugs will be found include seams of mattresses and joints of the bed frame. Bed bugs will also move into box springs and these must be turned over and opened for inspection. It is helpful to remove the fabric on the underside of the box spring to aid in inspection and treatment. Often the presence of some dark spotting, their excrement, is first noticed. The bed bugs and their eggs usually will be present in cracks, joints and fabric folds.

Areas adjacent to the sleeping area also need to be inspected. Bed bugs may be found in cracks crevices of bed side tables or other furniture and may hide under lamps or other items that provide cover. Crevices of trim around the walls can be hiding areas as can folds of drapery and areas where drapes rest on the floor. Bed bugs may also settle behind pictures and wall hangings near sleeping areas.

Cracks in walls will also be used by bed bugs and can be means by which they can move to other rooms, a particular problem in multi-unit apartments and motels. Electrical outlets often are incompletely sealed and provide points where bed bugs can hide and move behind walls.

Handling Bedding

Figure 6: Swallow bug. Photo courtesy of Ken Gray collection.

Bed bug treatments in homes often involve intensive prep work by the homeowner. This includes heat treating and bagging up items in the infested area – items that cannot be treated with chemicals.

Sheets and other bedding can be easily disinfested by laundering that involves a dryer cycle. The high temperatures involved in drying are critical to successfully kill bed bugs, with exposure to temperatures exceeding 120 F for a few minutes usually sufficient to kill all life stages. Washing, cool drying and dry cleaning may not kill all stages.

When stripping beds during a bed bug treatment, pull the sheets carefully so as not to dislodge eggs or drop bed bugs onto the floor where they may be missed by other treatments. Accidental spread of bed bugs can also be prevented by bagging the bedding as it is moved to the laundry. Wash bedding and other materials immediately and do not store in the laundry areas.

Plastic coverings that completely encase mattresses, pillows and other items can be used to exclude and prevent colonization of bed bugs on these items.

Figure 7: Bed bug, head end.

Disposal of Infested Items

Disposal may be considered for mattresses, box springs, couches or other furniture that is infested with bed bugs. If this is done, proper disposal should be ensured. Leaving such items on the street for disposal may cause them to be scavenged, which will spread infestations to new dwellings. Be careful when removing the items from the structure so that bed bugs will not become dislodged and infest other areas inside.

Insecticides

Eradication of bed bugs in a home involves use of effective insecticides applied to all points where bed bugs are present. These treatments must directly contact the bed bugs during application. Bed bugs that walk across a treated surface but were not directly contacted with the insecticide during application may not be killed. Available insecticides also do not effectively kill egg stages of bed bugs.

Figure 8: Bat bug, head end.

There is little residual activity of currently available insecticides. Repeated insecticide applications will always be required to kill bed bugs that later hatch from eggs, along with those that were missed during earlier treatment.

Currently, available insecticides used for bed bug control are primarily of the pyrethroid class of pesticides. These include bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, and beta-cyfluthrin. There are several professional products as well as numerous over-the-counter household insecticides sold to homeowners that contain these as active ingredients. (Additional products are available for professional use, such as chlorfenapyr/Phantom) However, most of the insecticides normally sold through retail outlets are liquid formulations that have uses restricted to crack and crevice treatments. Few, if any, insecticides sold over-the-counter are formulated and labeled for use in critical sites such as to mattresses or around electrical wiring. All insecticides must be used in strict accordance to label use instructions.

Application equipment can be useful in successful use of these insecticides. Deep injection of insecticides into cracks and crevices is better achieved with sprayers equipped with a fine point nozzle. Dust formulations can be blown into wall voids or other hard to spray spaces. Improved dispersal is also possible with fine atomizer sprayers. These types of application equipment are normally unavailable to homeowners through retail outlets. However, some diatomaceous earth products, a dust that is used to kill insects by desiccation, are fairly widely available through nurseries for use against bed bugs and other “crawling insects”. Silica aerogels are also useful as desiccant dusts to control insects by drying and are widely used by professionals, but are not normally available over-the-counter.

Aerosol “bombs” (containing pyrethrins or permethrin) and sprays of non-persisting insecticides (such as pyrethrins or tetramethrin) will not be effective for bed bug control. At most these can be expected to kill a few of the insects that are directly contacted with sufficient quantity of the insecticide. However, they will fail to adequately penetrate hiding sites of many bed bugs resulting in failure of eradication.

Heat and Cold Treatment

High temperature treatment has received considerable attention as the primary non-chemical means of killing bed bugs. Specialized equipment has been developed that can force high temperature, dry steam heat into areas where bed bugs are present. They are particularly useful for treating bed frames, box springs, and mattresses where insecticide uses are limited.

Such equipment is only available through professional pest control operators and requires experience for effective use. Temperatures at the surface of treated areas must reach 140 to150F to kill bed bugs hiding in adjacent crevices and it is important to constantly monitor surfaces with a thermometer while using steamers to ensure sufficient heat has been applied. Steam treatment is time consuming and may take 15 seconds or more to treat a 1 foot-long area.

Cold treatments have little application for control of bed bugs and their relatives. All of these insects are well adapted to periods of very cold temperature and can survive normal freezing exposure.

Vacuuming

The use of a sealed vacuum during bed bug treatments is useful. Models with strong suction and a directed nozzle can be used to help extract some bed bugs hiding in protected crevices. Vacuums can also be useful for picking up individuals when seen and a general vacuuming of floors and other surfaces may pick up bed bugs that have migrated or been dislodged during bed bug treatments. The addition into the vacuum bag of a drying agent, such as diatomaceous earth, can be useful to kill collected insects. Immediately after use, vacuum bags should be removed, sealed in plastic, and discarded to reduce chances of accidentally spreading bed bugs.

Bed Isolation

Isolation of beds can be done to determine if bed bugs are present and, after control efforts have been completed, to insure that the bug infestation has been eradicated. With bed isolation the box spring and mattress are encased and the frame is treated to insure no bed bugs are present. Then, the four posts that touch the ground are placed onto sticky traps. The homeowner then sleeps in the bed making sure to not let sheets or other bedding to touch the ground. Bed bugs that are in the room will come to feed and get caught in the sticky traps. A period of two or more weeks where no bed bugs are captured on the sticky traps at the base of bed legs is a good indication that the insects have been eliminated from the room.

Control of Bat Bugs

Management of bat bugs requires focus on the roosting bats that are the original source of the insects. Removal or exclusion of the bats will prevent future infestations as the bat bugs will ultimately die-out in the absence of their bat hosts. However, in the immediate period after bat removal, problems may temporarily increase as existing bat bugs migrate in search of new hosts.

Any methods to seal off the area of bat roosting and the human living space is useful to prevent these migrations. Cracks and crevices used by migrating bat bugs can also be treated with insecticides, such as are used for bed bugs. If the area of the bat bug roost can be reached, use of an aerosol “bomb” or “pest-strip” may help kill bat bugs in those areas. The latter contain a persisting insecticide (dichlorvos) that can kill insects over a period of time.

Control of Swallow Bugs

Management of swallow bugs requires prevention of nesting by swallows on occupied buildings; this will prevent future problems with the insects. However, like occurs with bat bugs, problems with biting swallow bugs may temporarily increase the following spring as the starved insects migrate in search of new hosts.

Swallows are protected species under Federal Law and it is illegal to disturb active nests. Nests can be destroyed prior to egg laying and areas where swallows previously nested can be screened off prior to the return of the migrating swallows. If nests are removed in summer after they are abandoned by the swallows, then an insecticide treatment to the nest site may be used to kill some of the dormant swallow bugs that remain in hiding around the nest. However, some insecticides (e.g., chlorpyrifos) are highly toxic to birds. Do not apply them to areas that are currently visited by swallows.

^*Colorado State University Extension entomologists and professors, bioagricultural sciences and pest management. 12/97. Revised 12/13.

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